The City of Spokane is working to improve the health of the Spokane River and reduce the amount of pollution that enters it. One important pollutant of concern for the City is PCBs.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a toxic manmade chemical found nearly everywhere in the environment. Historically, PCBs were primarily used in coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors. In the United States, PCBs were largely sold under the trade name Aroclor. Direct production of PCBs was halted in the US in the 1970’s due to evidence of human toxicity and persistence in the environment. Since that time, however, PCBs have been incidentally produced in a multitude of manufacturing processes as an unintended byproduct of processes that use heat, chlorine, and carbon.
Low levels of PCBs can be found in our wastewater, stormwater, air, groundwater, and even in our own bodies. They enter the environment through a number of different pathways, including inks and dyes (paint, dyed clothing, colored paper and packaging, etc.), motor oil, gasoline, pesticides, personal care products, caulks, and many other products. These products are often enter the wastewater system or are washed off the roadway into the stormwater system and enter the river. Once released, PCBs do not break down easily and continuously cycle through the environment. PCB molecules prefer to stick to solids and fats rather than dissolve in water.
PCB concentrations increase in animals through the food web. Because there are PCBs present in the Spokane River and subsequently high concentrations of PCBs in its fish, the Department of Health has placed limits on the amount of fish you can eat from certain sections of the Spokane River.
PCBs Bioaccumulate in the Food Web
The City of Spokane voluntarily developed a comprehensive Integrated Clean Water Plan that will greatly enhance the health of the Spokane River. The plan includes projects to reduce overflows from combined sewers to the river, reduce stormwater runoff entering the river, and to improve the treatment at the City's wastewater treatment plant. The plan includes work that is mandated and other voluntary work that just makes sense for the health of the river.
The plan takes aim at a variety of pollutants and will deliver magnitudes greater pollution reduction benefits to the river than if the City chose to complete only the work that is required by the Clean Water Act and other mandates.
PCBs and related toxics are of particular interest. The Spokane River and Lake Spokane are on the State of Washington's 303(d) list of impaired water bodies for PCBs. As a result, the City is participating in the work of Spokane River Regional Toxics Task Force, which is tasked with developing direct-to-implementation projects to reduce PCBs. The City ranked PCB removal high when it evaluated the environmental benefits of the projects it selected for the Integrated Plan.
An analysis of PCB removal demonstrates the value of the City's Integrated Plan. Mandated projects would deliver about 17 grams of PCB removal annually for the River. When the voluntary components of the City's Integrated Plan—running the membrane filtration technology at the wastewater plant during the non-critical season and addressing the stormwater runoff from the Cochran Basin—the results reach nearly 30 grams of PCB removal annually.
Additionally, it's important to note that PCBs are ubiquitous in the environment, and a multiple strategies are needed to address the problem in any significant way. A holistic approach and multiple strategies employed in the City’s Integrated Plan add up to the best PCB reduction for the river.
The Integrated Plan also includes an adaptive management approach. The approach would remove stormwater from combined and separated stormwater piping as part of street and other public works projects. The City has budgeted for a $5 million annual investment for the utility portion of such projects. This work would capture PCBs on site, although the City hasn't quantified the PCB reduction benefit of this approach yet.
The City is continuing with other work to reduce PCBs entering the Spokane River. Among other things, the City is:
We are only beginning to understand the complexity of PCBs in the environment and there is much to learn before we can definitively say how to reduce our impacts. Some things you can do now include:
